While there are far too many books on the Civil War to
count, there are surprisingly few on the Confederate forces of the war’s
Western Theater actions. In the theater which many historians argue saw the
largest impact on the overall strategic outcome of the war, there is a dearth
of biographies and examinations of key Confederate leaders. This extends from
the relative lack of studies on Braxton Bragg to lesser known generals and
officers. One of these lesser known officers is Brigadier General Alfred Vaughan
Jr., a brigade commander in the Army of Tennessee who lost his leg to an
exploding artillery shell near Smyrna, Georgia, in early July 1864.
I drew interest in Vaughan because his brigade was
positioned at the “Dead Angle” position at Kennesaw Mountain, seeing some of
the fiercest fighting during the days of struggle at Kennesaw in late June
1864. But a recent biography by Lawrence K. Peterson--Vaughan's great-great grandson--opened my eyes to the
remarkable Civil War career which Vaughan had, stretching far beyond Kennesaw
Mountain. Vaughan’s career in the Army of Tennessee extended back to the very
origins of that army. His personal list of battles reads as a list of the
bloodiest and most important battles of the West: Shiloh, Perryville, Stones
River, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and the Atlanta Campaign. If one wanted to
follow one officer through the worst of the West, battle by battle, Vaughan is
an excellent choice.
Peterson’s biography is well written and well researched,
providing great insight on Vaughan’s leadership and experiences. The narrative
focuses heavily on Vaughan’s actions in each of the major battles, as well as
the behind the scenes action in the Army of Tennessee, which, considering the
personalities in that army, could be just as complex as the battles themselves.
The primary source used appears to be Vaughan’s own account of his regiment,
the Personal Record of the Thirteenth
Regiment, Tennessee Infantry, C.S.A. (Memphis: S.C. Toof, 1897). Vaughan
was instrumental in the formation of the regiment, serving as the first Captain
of Company E, which was previously a militia group known as the “Dixie Rifles”,
a group of Mississippians (Vaughan’s adopted home state was Mississippi,
despite his Virginia birthplace) who were armed and equipped by the state of
Tennessee. By June 1861, Vaughan became the lieutenant colonel of the regiment.
During the fighting at Belmont in November 1861, Vaughan assumed command of the
regiment, and was promoted to the rank of colonel after the battle. He served
with distinction at Shiloh, and later in 1862 he rose to brigade command.
Peterson follows Vaughan and the Army of Tennessee through the rest of the war
with a nice balance between the biographical narrative and the broader history
of the campaigns and battles which Vaughan was involved in. It was only after
his stellar conduct at Chickamauga in September 1863 that Vaughan was promoted
to the rank of brigadier general, receiving praise and recommendations from
numerous commanders, including Patrick Cleburne and Benjamin Cheatham.
The author makes mention several times that Vaughan had a
“personal servant” with him during the war, named Roach Howard. Howard was, of
course, one of the Vaughan family slaves. Peterson notes that after the war
Howard was set free, but does not give further detail into why or how this
occurred. It is only one small instance in a larger book, but this reader
wished that more information and detail was provided in the text on the life of
Howard, as well as the master-slave relationship between the two men.
Peterson's biography goes beyond Vaughan's war years as well, discussing the general's post war years, a subject often neglected by Civil War studies of particular officers and units. These insights, as well as the detailed focus on Vaughan and his brigade through the western theater of the war, make this a very well rounded book, the likes of which there are too few, especially in regards to the leaders and brigades of the Army of Tennessee.
For those looking for a deeper understanding of the Army of
Tennessee, as well as a deeper knowledge of the major battles of the war’s
Western Theater, pick up Lawrence Peterson’s biography of Alfred Vaughan,
published by The University of Tennessee Press, titled, Confederate Combat Commander: The Remarkable Life of Brigadier General Alfred Jefferson Vaughan, Jr. Peterson deftly examines the
life of an important yet little known Confederate brigade commander who saw
some of the war’s fiercest combat.
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